Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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Catalytic RNA (ribozyme)

A natural or synthetic RNA molecule that cuts an RNA substrate.

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A positively charged ion.

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DNA synthesized from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase.

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A library composed of complementary copies of cellular mRNAs

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Cellular oncogene (proto-oncogene)

A normal gene that when mutated or improperly expressed contributes to the development of cancer

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Centers of origin

Usually the location in the world where the oldest cultivation of a particular crop has been identified.

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Francis Crick\'s seminal concept that in nature genetic information generally flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

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Separating molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor

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The central portion of the chromosome to which the spindle fibers attach during mitotic and meiotic division.

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A treatment for cancers that involves ad- ministering chemicals toxic to malignant cells.

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Chloramphenicol

An antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis.

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Each of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere during mitosis and meiosis.

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A single DNA molecule, a tightly coiled strant of DNA, condensed into a compact structure in vivo by complexing with accessory histones or histone-lik

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Chromosome walking

Working from a flanking DNA marker, overlapping clones are successively identified that span a chromosomal region of interest

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A DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide; a gene

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An exact genetic replica of a specific gene or an entire organism

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The mitotic division of a progenitor cell to give rise to a population of identical daughter cells or clones

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Coat protein (capsid)

The coating of a protein that enclosed the nucleic acid core of a virus.

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A group of three nucleotides that specifies addition of one of the 20 amino acids during translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide

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Coenzyme (cofactor)

An organic molecule, such as a vitamin, that binds to an enzyme and is required for its catalytic activity.

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A group of identical cells (clones) derived from a single progenitor cell.

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The close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is advantageous to one and doesn\'t affect the other(s)

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An ephemeral state, induced by treatment with cold cations, during which bacterial cells are capable of uptaking foreign DNA.

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Complementary DNA or RNA

The matching strand of a DNA or RNA molecule to which its bases pair

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Complementary nucleotides

Members of the pairs adenine-thymine, adenine-uracil, and guaninecytosine that have the ability to hydrogen bond to one another

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A DNA segment composed of repeated sequences linked end to end.

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The joining of two bacteria cells when genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another.

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Constitutive promoter

An unregulated promoter that allows for continual transcription of its associated gene

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Contiguous (contig) map

The alignment of sequence data from large, adjacent regions of the genome to produce a continuous nucleotide sequence across a chromosomal region

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Cross-hybridization

The hydrogen bonding of a single- stranded DNA sequence that is partially but not entirely complementary to a singlestranded substrate

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Cross-pollination

Fertilization of a plant from a plant with a different genetic makeup.

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The exchange of DNA sequences between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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A particular kind of organism growing in a laboratory medium.

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Cyclic AMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

A second messenger that regulates many intracellular reactions by transducing signals from extracellular growth factors to cellular metabolic pathways

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Study that relates the appearance and behavior of chromosomes to genetic phenomenon.

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A unit of measurement equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom, 1.67 x 10E-24 gram/L (Avogadro\'s number).

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The final growth phase, during which nutrients have been depleted and cell number decreases

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To induce structural alterations that disrupt the biological activity of a molecule

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Density gradient centrifugation

High-speed centrifugation in which molecules \"float\" at a point where their density equals that in a gradient of cesium chloride or sucrose

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Deoxyribonucleic acid

See DNA, nuclease.

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A disease associated with the absence or reduced levels of insulin, a hormone essential for the transport of glucose to cells.

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Dideoxynucleotide (didN)

A deoxynucleotide that lacks a 3\' hydroxyl group, and is thus unable to form a 3\'-5\' phosphodiester bond necessary for chain elongation

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See Dideoxynucleotide.

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To cut DNA molecules with one or more restriction endonucleases.

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A cell which contains two copies of each chromosome

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Directional cloning

DNA insert and vector molecules are digested with two different restriction enzymes to create noncomplementary sticky ends at either end of each restr

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

An organic acid and polymer composed of four nitrogenous bases--adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine linked via intervening units of phosphate and

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The use of DNA polymorphisms to detect the presence of a disease gene.

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473AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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