Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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Incomplete dominance

A condition where a heterozygous off- spring has a phenotype that is distinctly different from, and intermediate to, the parental phenotypes

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Initiation codon

The mRNA sequence AUG, coding for methionine, which initiates translation of mRNA.

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A membrane-anchored phospholipid that transduces hormonal signals by stimulating the release of any of several chemical messengers

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Insertion mutations

Changes in the base sequence of a DNA molecule resulting from the random integration of DNA from another source

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A peptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood.

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A family of small proteins that stimulate viral resistance in cells.

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Intergenic regions

DNA sequences located between genes that comprise a large percentage of the human genome with no known function.

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Backcrossing of hybrids of two plant populations to introduce new genes into a wild population.

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A noncoding DNA sequence within a gene that is initially transcribed into messenger RNA but is later snipped out

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Ability of a plant to spread beyond its introduction site and become established in new locations where it may provide a deliterious effect on organis

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A charged particle.

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One of two or more forms of an element that have the same number of protons (atomic number) but differing numbers of neutrons (mass numbers)

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Joining (J) segment

A small DNA segment that links genes to yield a functional gene encoding an immunogobulin.

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An antibiotic of the aminoglycoside family that poisons translation by binding to the ribosomes.

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Kanamycin resistance gene

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All of the chromosomes in a cell or an individual organism, visible through a microsope during cell division.

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The initial growth phase, during which cell number remains relatively constant prior to rapid growth

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A uniform and uninterrupted laver of bacterial growth, in which individual colonies cannot be observed.

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A member of the pea family that possesses root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

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A collection of cells, usually bacteria or yeast, that have been transformed with recombinant vectors carrying DNA inserts from a single species

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Ligase (DNA ligase)

An enzyme that catalyzes a condensation reaction that links two DNA molecules via the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 3\' hydroxyl and

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The process of joining two or more DNA fragments.

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A chart that traces the flow of genetic information from generation to generation.

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The frequency of coinheritance of a pair of genes and/or genetic markers, which provides a measure of their physical proximity to one another on a chr

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See Genetic linkage map.

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Linked genes/markers

Genes and/or markers that are so closely associated on the chromosome that they are coinherited in 80% or more of cases.

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A short, double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a restriction endonuclease recognition site, which is ligated to the ends of a DNA fragment.

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Membrane-bound vesicles constructed in the laboratory to transport biological molecules.

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Locus (plural = loci)

A specific location or site on a chromosome.

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See Logarithmic phase.

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Logarithmic phase (log or exponential growth phase)

The steepest slope of the growth curve--the phase of vigorous growth during which cell number doubles every 20-30 minutes

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The destruction of the cell membrane.

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A bacterial cell whose chromosome contains in- tegrated viral DNA

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A type or phase of the virus life cycle during which the virus integrates into the host chromosome of the infected cell, often remaining essentially d

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A phase of the virus life cycle during which the vi- rus replicates within the host cell, releasing a new generation of viruses when the infected cell

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Having the properties of cancerous growth.

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Determining the physical location of a gene or genetic marker on a chromosome

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Megabase cloning

The cloning of very large DNA fragments

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The reduction division process by which haploid gametes and spores are formed, consisting of a single duplication of the genetic material followed by

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

The class of RNA molecules that copies the genetic information from DNA, in the nucleus, and carries it to ribosomes, in the cytoplasm, where it is tr

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The biochemical processes that sustain a living cell or organism.

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Metallothionein

A protective protein that binds heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead.

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A microorganism.

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Microbial mats (biofilms)

Layered groups or communities of microbial populations.

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A means to introduce a solution of DNA, protein, or other soluble material into a cell using a fine microcapillary pipet.

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The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes.

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Molecular biology

The study of the biochemical and mo- lecular interactions within living cells.

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Molecular cloning

The biological amplification of a specific DNA sequence through mitotic division of a host cell into which it has been transformed or transfected

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Molecular genetics

The study of the flow and regulation of genetic information between DNA, RNA, and protein molecules.

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Monoclonal antibodies

Immunoglobulin molecules of single- epitope specificity that are secreted by a clone of B cells.

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473AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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