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English to Serbian: The 1988 Forest Fires of Yellowstone National Park
Source text - English "As it nears, a wildfire creates much the same sensation as an approaching train. First you hear - almost feel - a distinct rumble. Puffs of black smoke appear in the columns of gray - a sign of greater burning intensity - and the sound of the fire increases. Then whiffs of air hit the back of your neck as you face the fire, evidence that the fire is creating its own wind, sucking oxygen from around the ground to sustain itself, then blowing it thousands of feet into the air in a boiling column of smoke. As the inferno nears, it roars like a jet engine as the blaze sucks more and more in. You can feel the heat and see the flames half a mile away. Thick smoke occasionally obscures the blaze and noise dissipates for a moment as the flames gasp momentarily for air before making the next leap."
Flames and firestorms threatened settlements and towns in and around Yellowstone. They would continue to devour the forests until fall rains and snows put them out. A firestorm swept through Old Faithful on September 6, destroying 16 cabins but sparing Old Faithful Inn. All attempts to stop the fires would be fail until the first significant rain came on September 11. Snow fell the following morning, and light precipitation fell off and on over the next several days. The fires were all out by the end of October.
(6) Rebirth and the cycle of life
Many people thought that Yellowstone would never recover. Scientists, however, knew that fire was a necessary part of the cycle of life in a forest. Life would not only go on, but would also benefit from the fire. The fires left large patches of cleared ground opened to the sun. Seeds released from pinecones took root almost immediately. Lodgepole pine seedlings began to grow at the rate of an inch or two per year. Wildflowers were abundant by the following spring, and the grasses and shrubs were a rich green. Nutrients from the ash caused the vegetation to prosper. Trees that didn't fall became feeding grounds for insects, and the insects in turn attracted many woodpeckers. The holes left by woodpeckers attracted many birds that used them for nests. Yellowstone was far from dead! (Yoxall, 16)
The fire had very little negative effects on the animals. There were 396 large animal deaths from the fire, most by smoke inhalation, including 9 bison, 6 black bears, and 333 elk. Thousands of elk perished during the following winter because of a lack of food, but the elk population rebounded to pre-fire numbers by 1993. (Billings, 99)
The fire had many short-term consequences on terrestrial ecosystems including a greater availability of nutrients from ash, widespread soil modification, and changes in water chemistry in rivers and streams. Increases in suspended-sediment loads in streams resulted in a greater fish mortality rate, but scientists studying this phenomenon expected the concentrations of suspended-sediment in streams to decline as terrestrial vegetation recovered and as soils stabilized. (Bozek, 91)
There does seem to be one casualty of the fire. The aspen are not recovering as expected. Aspen is a minor species in Yellowstone covering only about 2% of the park, but is significant because it is the only deciduous tree found in the forest. Aspen, located primarily in the northern winter range of Yellowstone, support a large number and a wide diversity of birds and animals. Fire destroyed 22% of the northern range, including many of the mature aspen, but new sprouts were produced. These sprouts, however, were fed on by thousands of elk that spend the winter months in the northern winter range. The aspen are not expected to recover to pre-fire levels. The last major episode of aspen tree regeneration occurred between 1870 and 1890, a historically unique time when elk, beaver, and moose were not as abundant because market hunting in the 1860's and 1870's reduced the populations. Several large fires had occurred in the region prior to 1886. These fires produced a large number of new sprouts. With a low number of animals to feed on the spouts, the aspen were allowed to prosper. Climatic conditions were moist in the late 1800's which could have enhanced the regeneration of aspen. Better summer growing season conditions advanced the aspen sprouts, and deeper snows during the winter months probably protected many of the seedlings from being eaten. A combination of these factors has not occurred since that time. For example, there was a dramatic reduction in the elk population during the 1950's and 1960's, but this occurred during a dry climatic periods with no fires. There was a moist decade in the 1910's, but this coincided with a high population of elk, numerous beavers, and no fires. Extensive fires occurred in 1988, but were accompanied by high elk densities and generally dry climatic conditions. (Romme, 2097-2099, 2104)
The fate of the aspen, however, should not be seen as being characteristic of the park as a whole. For the most part, Yellowstone has benefited from the fires of 1988. It will again have beautiful and healthy forests, although it will take several decades for the forest to be restored. People must remember that the beauty of Yellowstone before the fires was actually the result of previous fires. The fires are a necessary part of the natural cycle of life, death, and re-birth. Yellowstone is far from dead! (Hardy-Short, 119)
Translation - Serbian Kako se bliži, podivljali požar stvara isti osećaj kao voz koji dolazi. Prvo čujete-skoro da osećate-tutnjavu u daljini. Oblačići crnog dima se javljaju u stubovima sivog-znak većeg intenziteta gorenja-i zvuk vatre postaje glasniji. A onda vam pramenovi vazduha udare u vrat dok se suočavate sa vatrom, što je dokaz da vatra stvara svoj vlastiti vetar, isisava kiseonik iz okolnog zemljišta da bi se njime hranila, onda ga oduva hiljade stopa visoko u vazduh kao vreli stub dima. Kako se pakao približava, on ječi kao mlaznjak dok plamen sve više i više usisava. Možete osetiti jaru i videti plamenove sa udaljenosti od jednog kilometra. Gusti dim povremeno skriva plamen i zvuk se na tren utišava, dok plamenovi traže kiseonik kako bi ponovo skočili u vazduh. Plamenovi i vatrene oluje zapretili su naseljima i gradovima u i ukolini Jeloustouna. Nastavili bi da proždiru šumu do jesenjih kiša i snega. Vatrena oluja je protutnjala kroz Old Fejtful 6. septembra, uništivši 16 brvnara, ali je poštedela kafanu Old Fetful. Svi pokušaji da se zaustavi požar su propali sve dok nije pala prva značajnija kiša 11. septembra. Sneg je pao sledećeg jutra, a lake padavine su se nastavile s prekidima sledećih nekoliko dana. Sve vatre su ugašene do kraja oktobra.
(6) Ponovno rađanje i ciklus života
Mnogi su mislili da se Jeloustoun nikada neće oporaviti. Naučnici su, međutim, znali da je vatra neophodni dao ciklusa života u šumi. Život će se ne samo nastaviti, već će imati i koristi od požara. Vatre su ostavile velike površine raščišćene zemlje otvorene prema sunčevoj svetlosti.. Semenje oslobođeno iz borovih šišarki odmah je pustilo korenje. Mladice bora počele su da rastu tempom od jednog do dva inča godišnje. Divlje cveće je raslo u izobilju do sledećeg proleća, a trave i žbunje su imali jarko zelenu boju. Hranljivi sastojci iz pepela uzrokovali su da vegetacija bude bujna. Drveće koje nije palo postalo je izvor hrane za insekte, a oni su sa svoje strane privukli mnoge detliće. Rupe koje su ostavili detlići privukle su mnoge ptice da se gnezde. Jeluston je bio sve samo ne mrtav!
Požar je imao malo negativnih efekata na životinje. Bilo je 396 mrtvih krupnih životinja, uginulih uglavnom zbog udisanja dima, uključujući 9 bizona, 6 mrkih medveda i 333 losova. Hiljade losova je nestalo tokom sledeće zime usled manjka hrane, ali je populacija jelena dostigla broj pre pšožara do 1993.
Vatra je imala mnoge kratkoročne posledice na zemaljski ekosistem, uključujući veću dostupnost hranljivih materija iz pepela, modificirano tlo i promena hemijskog sastava vode u rekama i potocima. Porast sedimenta u potocima imao je za posledicu veću smrtnost riaba, ali naučnici koji su proučavali ovu pojavu očekivali su da koncentacije
sedimenta u potocima opadnu kako se bude obnavljala zemaljska vegetacija i kako se tlo stabilizuje.
Ipak, izgleda da je požar imao jednu žrtvu. Jasenovi se ne oporavljaju kako je očekivano. Jasen je ređa vrsta u Jeloustounu i pokriva samo 2% parka ali je značajan jer je jedino listopadno drvo u šumi. Jasen se nalazi prevashodno na severnom zimskom grebenu Jeloustouna i daju podršku raznovrnim pticama i životinjama. Vatra je uništila 22% severnog grebena, uključujući i mnoge visoke jasenove, ali su izdžigljale nove mladice. Ove mladice, međutim, bile su hrana za mnoge losove koji lprovode zimske mesece na severnom grebenu. Ne očekuje se da će jasen dostići broj od pre požara. Poslednja velika epizoda regeneracije jasena desila se između 1670 i 1890. kad losovi,dabrovi i vapiti nisu bili u tolikom broju, jer je lov na njih 1860-ih i 1870-ih smanjio njihovu populaciju. Nekoliko velikih požara se javilo u regionu pre1886. Ove vatre su stvorile veliki broj novih mladica. Uz mali broj životinja koji se hranio mladicama, jasenu je omogućeno da prosperira. Klimatski uslovi i vlaga kasnih 1800-ih omogućili su regeneraciju jasena. Bolji letnji uslovi za rast su pogodovali mladicama jasena, a dublji snegovi tokom zimskih meseci su verovatno štitili mnoge semenke od toga da budu pojedene. Kombinacija ovih faktora nije se javila od tog vremena. Na primer, došlo je do dramatičnog smanjenja populacije losova tokom 1950-ih i 1960-ih ali se to javilo tokom sušnog perioda bez požara. Oko 1910. biloa je vlažna dekada, ali je to bilo istovremeno sa visokom populacijom losova, mnogo dabrova i bez vatri. Ekstenzivne vatre su se javile 1988. ali je bila velika gustina losova i suvi klimatski uslovi. Sudbina jasena, međutim ne treba da se posmatra kao tipična za čitav park. U većem delu, Jeloustoun je imao koristi od požara iz 1988. Ponovo će imati lepe i zdrave šume, mada će trebati nekolikodecenija da se šuma obnovi. Ljudi se moraju sećati da je lepota Jeloustouna pre požara ustvari bila rezultat prethodnih vatra. Vatre su neophodni deo prirodnog ciklusa života, smrti i ponovnog rađanja. Jeloustoun je sve, samo ne mrtav!
Zovem se Goran Ćirić i radim kao profesor engleskog jezika u Ekonomsko-trgovinskoj školi u Kruševcu, a i kao prevodilac, uglavnom iz oblasti ekonomije, biologije, poljoprivrede itd. Moja interesovanja su književnost, internet, sport.
Keywords: serbian, economy, biology, microsoft word
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