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Japanese to English: The use of Analgesics for the control of chronic pain General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - Japanese 痛みとは、私達の身体に生じたダメージに関連した不快な経験と考えられます。正常な状態では、私達の身体にあるセンサーが、身体の内外で生じている変化を感知し、痛みの経路を通じて中枢神経系（脳および脊髄）にそのメッセージを送ります。このメッセージに応じて、今度は身体がその痛みに反応します。（例：熱いヤカンに触れた時には、すぐに手を離す。）痛みは身体のダメージを回避する上で役立つことから、私達の生活の中で多くの場合において必要な情報と考えられます。しかしながら、ある種の痛みは私達にとって非常に不利益なものであり、生活の質をも低下させます。そのような痛みの一つが慢性疼痛と言われるもので、例えばがんによる痛みのように通常長期間持続します。慢性疼痛で苦しんでおられる患者様には、強力な鎮痛剤が必要となることも多くあります。
Translation - English Pain is considered to be an unpleasant experience related to the occurrence of damage to our bodies. When functioning normally, sensors inside our body detect any changes that occur and send a message through the medium of pain, to the Central Nervous System in the brain and spinal marrow. In response to this message, the body now reacts to the pain (for example, causing you to Snatch your hand back when touching a hot kettle). Since pain is useful for averting damaging your body, it is considered to be necessary information for situations in our everyday lives. However, some kinds of pain can be incredibly detrimental to us, and could even lower our quality of lives. One example of this kind of pain is called chronic pain (for instance, the pain caused by Cancer, which normally lasts for a long period of time). Powerful analgesics are often needed for patients suffering from such chronic pain.
Japanese to English: Application of Multi-objective Optimization to Voltage and Reactive Power Control General field: Science Detailed field: Engineering (general)
Source text - Japanese 1. まえがき
電力系統は，エネルギー需要の増大とともに電源の偏在・巨大化が進んでいる。また，電力自由化の導入と拡大により分散型電源(1)や特定(規模)電気事業者(2)等が系統に参入し，ますますの複雑化が予想される。そのため，系統内にある潮流は不確実性を増し，電力品質の低下要因となることが懸念される。このことから，今以上に高信頼かつ安定な電圧管理と効果的な電力供給が求められる。従来から，送電系統ではこれらを効率よく達成するために電圧規定値や発電機無効電力の制約を満足しながら電力損失の最小化を図れる電圧無効電力制御(Voltage and reactive power control : VQC)が行われている。しかし，これから予測される系統構成を考慮する場合，今以上の効果的な制御を検討する必要があるものと考える。
VQC問題では，これまで多くの組合せ最適化手法が採用されたが，系統の巨大･複雑化による問題規模の拡張から，今日では膨大な解候補の中から効率よく準最適解を探索できるメタヒューリスティック手法(3) ~(6)が解析手段として適用されている。最近，将来のVQC問題にも対応できる制御としてタブサーチによる探索から電力損失最小化を目的とする経済性の削減だけでなく，潮流の不確実性にできるだけ対処するために必要な設備運用の調整予備力確保(セキュリティ)の両者を考慮できる良好な制御方法(7)が報告されている。すなわち，この最適化を図るために評価関数に，これまでの制約逸脱や電力損失を考慮する項だけでなく，セキュリティに関する項が含まれている。その際，この評価関数の各項には従来からより効果的な探索解を得るための重み係数が設けられ，多くの探索時間を要する試行錯誤からこの値を決定し，その後最適制御が行われている。この場合，各係数は系統規模の変更ごとに必要となり，最適探索を行う運用者には容易な解析が望まれる事項の1つである。さらに，評価関数にある経済性とセキュリティに関する項は，互いにトレードオフの関係で，この問題をより複雑にしている。このため，各項にある重み付けの重要性の評価やトレードオフの関係を満足するような係数となる指標を用いて，より容易にこの問題に対処でき，実規模系統(500母線以下の中規模系統)にも適用できるアルゴリズムを開発する必要がある。
Translation - English 1. Preface
Electric power sources are becoming enormous and unevenly distributed due to the increase in energy demand to the Power System. Additionally, it is expected that the system will become increasingly complex due to the entry of a dispersed power source(1) to the system and a specified size of electric power supplier(2) through the introduction and expansion of electricity deregulation. Due to this, there is a trend of increasing uncertainty within this system, which may be a factor that is lowering the quality of electric power. For this reason, voltage management with higher reliability and more stable and effective electric power supplies are required. Conventionally, in order to achieve these efficiently in the transmission systems; voltage reactive power control (VQC) has been performed to enable power losses to be minimized and at the same time, satisfy the voltage specified values and restrictions in generator reactive power. However, it is thought to be necessary to consider more effective control when taking future projections for system composition into consideration.
With VQC issues, many combinations of optimization methods have been used so far. Currently, meta-heuristic methods (3)~(6) which efficiently locate a suboptimal solution from a vast number of solution candidates are applied as analytical tools, due to the system becoming vast and complex as the scale of issues expands. Recently, an excellent method of control(7) has been reported which is able to handle future VQC issues by searching using tabu search. This enables not only economical reduction with the object of minimizing power loss to be considered, but also the facility of secure operation, all of which are necessary to handle the uncertainties in the trend as much as possible. Therefore, it is not only a term which considers the restriction of deviations and power losses so far, but also a term which regards security that are included in the evaluation function in order to conduct such optimization. Conventionally, weighting factors are set in each term of the evaluation function at that time, in order to obtain more effective search solutions. The optimized control is performed after these values have been decided through trial and error, which requires many hours of research. In this case, each coefficient is necessary for every change of system scale and is one of the desirable aspects of easy analysis for operators who are performing the optimum search. Moreover, the terms in the evaluation function regarding economy and security have a trade-off relationship with each other, which makes this issue more complicated. Due to this, it is necessary to develop an algorithm that is able to be applied to the full-scale system (less than 500 bus at medium scale) as well as being able to handle this issue more easily by using a barometer as a coefficient which satisfies the trade-off relationship and the evaluation of the importance of weighting in each term.
Japanese to English: Loan Agreement General field: Law/Patents Detailed field: Law: Contract(s)
Source text - Japanese 本金銭消費貸借契約（以下別紙を含め「本契約」という。）は、2006年11月27日付で、第1.1条(貸付要項)その他本契約に基づく金銭の消費貸借に関し、Ａ（以下「借入人」という。）とＢ（以下「貸付人」という。）との間で締結された。
Translation - English THIS LOAN AGREEMENT (hereinafter known as “the Agreement” including the exhibits) was made as of November 27th 2006 by and between A (hereinafter known as “the Borrower”) and B (hereinafter known as “the Lender”) based on Article 1.1 (Loan Terms and Conditions) and others within the Agreement for monetary loan.
（中略）
Annual budget plan document
The Borrower shall submit the Annual Budget Plan Document which indicates the monthly cash flow projection (including the projection of monthly property management expenses) for the following Fiscal Year to the Lender no later than 45 days prior to the end of the Fiscal Year in order to obtain the Lender’s approval. The Lender shall review the Annual Budget Plan Document promptly, and in case of disapproval, warn the Borrower two weeks prior to the first day of each Fiscal Year. In case of failing to obtain the Lender’s approval, proceed in accordance with the prior year’s Annual Budget Plan Document temporarily until approval is obtained. Obtaining the Lender’s written approval beforehand is required; if an unavoidable necessity to change the contents of the Annual Budget Plan Document emerges after the submission, the Borrower shall submit the revised Annual Budget Plan Document promptly to the Lender and explain the reasons for the change to the Lender in writing. If the Lender’s written approval is obtained, then proceed in accordance with the revised Annual Budget Plan Document. The Lender shall be able to request revisions of the Annual Budget Plan Document from the Borrower in accordance with the actual operating situation. The Borrower shall deal with and review such requests by the Lender.
Operating performance of the Property.
The Borrower shall submit to the Lender the operating performance report for the Property, which shows the property’s monthly operating performance for the previous month, by the thirtieth of every month. The Property’s operating performance report should state the following matters regarding the Property; ①operating income performance, ②the actual operating expenses for the Property, ③the implementation of large-size repairs and actual payments ④operational status and actual figures ⑤actual tax payments of the real-estate ⑥the actual payments of the insurance policy ⑦comparison of the values in the Annual Budget Plan Document and the actual values, ⑧including other special matters (however, ④ is to be submitted to the Lender by the end of the month following the month after the end of each quarter).
（中略）
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed in one copy, affixing their respective name and seal; whereby the LENDER shall retain the original and the BORROWER shall retain its copy.
I am a professional freelance, native English Proof-Reader working with my partner to produce high-quality Japanese-to-English translations. We have extensive experience in the field of translating medical/pharmaceutical reports, clinical trials, conference/presentation material, financial documents, legal contracts, investment reports, magazine interviews and articles regarding the economy.
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