English to Chinese: ICC MODEL INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING CONTRACT
General field: Law/Patents
Detailed field: Law (general) | |
Source text - English
Article 17: Obligation of confidentiality
17.1 The Franchisee acknowledges that all information delivered by the Franchisor under this Contract is of a strictly confidential nature and should be treated as such (such information being referred to hereinafter as Confidential Information);
17.2 The following shall, however, not be treated as Confidential Information:
(a) any information which the Franchisee can prove to have been in its possession at the date of receipt of such information or which has been disclosed to the general public or has become part of the public domain otherwise than through a breach of an obligation of confidentiality owed by the Franchisee; or
(b) any information which is necessarily disclosed to customers as the inevitable result of the operation of the Business.
17.3 Accordingly, the Franchisee shall not disclose Confidential Information directly or indirectly to any third party save to its staff or any other persons performing the obligations under this Contract provided that the Franchisee ensure that the staff or persons performing obligations set forth in this Contract, shall, prior to receiving the Confidential Information, comply with the same obligations of confidentiality and non-utilization of the Confidential Information as those imposed by this Contract, and shall execute a confidentiality undertaking with the Franchisor in a form satisfactory to the latter.
17.4 The Franchisee shall ensure that neither itself nor any member of its staff or other person performing the obligations of this Contract shall use any of the Confidential Information for any purposes other than those permitted under this Contract.
17.5 In any event, the Franchisee shall be directly liable to the Franchisor for any disclosure or utilization of Confidential Information by its staff or other persons controlled by it or under its control even after the departure of such employees, including termination of employment by the Franchisee.
17.6 The Franchisee shall not disclose or use, for any other purpose any of the Confidential Information, not only during the Initial Term of the Contract but also after its termination, whatever the reason for termination, as well as after any transfer of this Contract under Article 30. | Translation - Chinese
第17條：保密義務
17.1 特許經營人承認，特許權人依本契約所寄送之一切資訊，其性質皆為絕對機密，並依該標準處理之（以下稱該資訊為「機密資訊」）；
17.2 惟下列各項非機密資訊：
(a) 特許經營人可證明於收到資訊之日已持有之該資訊，或非因特許經營人違反保密義務而已向公眾揭露或成為公共財之資訊；或
(b) 因業務之執行而必須向客戶揭露之資訊。
17.3 據此，除其工作人員或履行本契約義務之他人外，特許經營人不得直接或間接向第三人揭露機密資訊；惟特許經營人應確保該工作人員或履行契約義務之人於收到機密資訊前，遵守與本契約相同之保密義務以及不使用機密資訊義務，並應簽署保密保證書，其格式應經特許權人認可。
17.4 特許經營人應確保自己及其工作人員或履行本契約義務之他人，非為本契約允許之目的，不使用機密資訊。
17.5 若特許經營人之工作人員或其控制下之人員揭露或使用機密資訊，特許經營人應直接向特許權人負責；縱該僱員已離開其控制，包括特許經營人終止僱佣關係，亦同。
17.6 不問於本契約首期內或其終止後，亦不問終止之原因，或依第30條移轉本契約後，特許經營人皆不得揭露或使用機密資訊。
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English to Chinese: ICC MODEL INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING CONTRACT
General field: Law/Patents
Detailed field: Law (general) | |
Source text - English
The model follows the traditional ICC approach in seeking to strike a fair balance between the interests of the franchisor and those of the franchisee, taking into account the core obligations of an international franchising contract.
Large undertakings that already use franchising as means for distribution of products and/or services will already have their own practices and their own model forms of franchising contracts. Often, they prefer to entrust the appointment of franchises within a specific territory to an independent or associated company which will act as the master-franchisee. This master-franchisee will be entitled to enter into franchise agreements with respect to a specific territory. These sub-license agreements will usually be entered into with local companies which have experience of local business conditions.
However, as a result of the evolution of means of communication and distribution methods, the use of franchising is no longer restricted to major multinational companies. Small undertakings which have acquired valuable experience at a local level sometimes use their initial place of operation of business as a launch pad for international expansion through the franchising of a system.
This ICC Model International Franchising contract will contribute to the promotion of franchising operations generally by putting at the disposal of these small undertakings a unique and useful model form.
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Article 5: Legal status of the Franchisee
5.1 The Franchisee shall conduct its activities as an independent business operator, for its own risk and on its own account. The Franchisee shall indicate its status as an independent business on all business documents.
5.2 The Franchisee is neither an employee, agent or sales representative, nor partner of the Franchisor and nothing in the Contract can be construed as meaning such.
5.3 The Franchisee shall not hold itself out as having any power or authority to enter into contracts in the name of the Franchisor, to commit the Franchisor in any way to any third parties or to incur any obligation on behalf of the Franchisor, except as is expressly prescribed by the Franchisor.
5.4 The Franchisee shall operate the Business in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations and shall apply for, obtain and have renewed all permits, authorizations and licences required for the operation of the Business at its own expense.
| Translation - Chinese
此範本依循傳統的國際商會模式，追求特許權人與特許經營人間的利益平衡、考量國際特許契約的核心義務。
有些大企業已經使用特許授權作為產品及／或服務經銷的方式，而有自己對特許契約的實施方式及範本。他們通常傾向在特定地區內，指派特許經營權予獨立或聯營公司，以該公司為主要特許經營人；主要特許經營人有權在該地區締結特許協議。此類再授權協議的締約對象通常為具有地方商情經驗的本土公司。
然而，隨著通訊及經銷方式的演進，特許授權的使用不再侷限於大型跨國公司；有些小企業已在當地有類似的寶貴經驗，因此有時候也會透過特許系統，以主要營業地為國際擴張的中心。
這份「國際商會模範國際特許契約」將提供這些小企業一份獨特而有用的契約範本，藉以推動特許經營。
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第5條：特許經營人之法律地位
5.1 特許經營人為獨立商業經營人，自負風險盈虧，並應於所有商業文件中，表示其為獨立經營。
5.2 特許經營人非特許權人之僱員、代理人或銷售代表人，亦非其合夥人；本契約之規定不得為此解釋。
5.3 非經特許權人明示之同意，特許經營人不得表示自己有權以特許權人之名義締結契約、以任何方式為特許權人向第三人為承諾，或代表特許權人承擔義務。
5.4 特許經營人應依相關法律與法規執行業務，並以自己之費用，申請、取得與更新執行業務所需之一切許可、授權及執照。
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English to Chinese: International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs
General field: Other
Detailed field: General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters | |
Source text - English
In India, the British suppressed the vibrant Indian textile industry to increase the market for Britain’s own rapidly industrializing textile firms. The overall argument is that powerful states and wealthy capitalists use what power they have to gain even more, by forcing weaker actors into the parts of the production process that yield relatively little reward and saving the lucrative parts for themselves.
In this respect, economic structuralism fully agrees with the realist statement that “the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.” Yet there are two key differences. First, realist theories explore politics between the “great powers” because the most powerful drive the system, whereas economic structuralists focus on relations between the strong and the weak. Second, realists assert that the exploitation of the weak is simply a fact of life that must be accepted, whereas economic structuralist theorists consider it an unacceptable fact that must be changed somehow. Karl Marx asserted that capitalism, and the exploitation that accompanies it, would inevitably be overthrown in a worldwide revolution. Few theorists today believe this.
| Translation - Chinese
在印度，英國抑制原本興盛的紡織業，好為英國自己急速工業化的紡織公司增加市場。整體來說，強國與富有的資本家用盡可得的權力，迫使弱勢的行為者成為生產程序的一環，以獲取更多利益；他們給予後者相對低廉的報酬，而保留了豐厚的一大部分利潤。
在這方面，經濟結構主義完全同意現實主義學者所說的：「強者為所欲為，弱者受所須受」（the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must）。不過，二者有兩個關鍵的不同之處。第一，現實主義理論探討「強權」之間的政治，因為推動體系的是最有權力者；而經濟結構主義學者關注的是強者與弱者的關係。第二，現實主義學者認為對弱者的剝削不過是生活中不得不接受的事實；而經濟結構主義學者則認為這個事實是不可接受、必須改變的。馬克思曾斷言，資本主義以及隨之而來的剝削，將無可避免地在全世界的革命中遭到推翻。今天，仍有少數學者這麼確信著。
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