Christophe Martinsons, chef de la division Éclairage et Électromagnétisme au CSTB, nous parlera de la modulation temporelle des LED (fluctuations lumineuses liées aux variations du courant d’alimentation des LED), des effets visuels induits (papillotement, effet stroboscopique, effet de réseau fantôme), ainsi que des effets biologiques et sanitaires pour l’homme.
https://actandmatch.com/cluster_lumiere_modulation_temporell...

Modulation temporelle
Les télescopes à modulation temporelle modifient leur ouverture au cours du temps pour déterminer la distribution spatiale de la source.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278636062_Laue_lens...
(Note: reminds me spontaneously of amplitude modulation or Amplitude-Shift Keying)

In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal, such as an audio signal. This technique contrasts with angle modulation, in which either the frequency of the carrier wave is varied, as in frequency modulation, or its phase, as in phase modulation.
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The modulating message signal may be analog in nature, or it may be a digital signal, in which case the technique is generally called amplitude-shift keying.
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_d'amplitude

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK system, a symbol, representing one or more bits, is sent by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at a fixed frequency for a specific time duration.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying

Spectral sensitivities were measured by a procedure of flicker threshold. The shape of the spectral sensitivity curve depends systematically on both the frequency and percentage of temporal modulation.
On mesure les sensibilités spectrales par une méthode de seuil de papillotement. La forme de la courbe de sensibilité spectrale dépend systématiquement à la fois de la fréquence et du pourcentage de modulation temporelle.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/004269...

Spatio-temporal modulation is another promising way for breaking reciprocity, and has been reported for a range of systems, including waveguides and metasurfaces [13,14,30–32]. In such systems, spatio-temporal modulation leads to unidirectional coupling between different guided and/or scattered modes of the system.
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The mode is transmitted without any perturbation, whereas in the other propagation direction, the mode couples to other modes in the system leading to an effective signal isolation. Notably, in this case light is transmitted in both propagation directions; isolation is achieved by signal conversion to a different frequency in one of the directions followed by a damping-filter.
https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-31-9-14278&id=...