This is a fairly common office in universities worldwide, responsible for keeping information on students and maintaining records of their progress, among other things.

here are a few links to US universities:

http://studentrecords.umaine.edu/records/

http://www.drake.edu/studentrecords/

http://www.mvsu.edu/academics/registrar/

It is sometimes alternatively/simultaneously known as the Registrar/Offfice of the Registrar/Registry.